Dictionaries and corpora of foreign languages
Monolingual dictionaries | Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries | Corpora
Monolingual dictionaries
French
Dictionnaire de l'Academie Française
Online partial version (from the letter "A" to "Promesse") of the 9th edition of the renowned dictionary, the first edition of which came out in 1694. The current edition, in the process of publication, was started in 1992.
Le Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé
Online version of the historical dictionary published in 16 volumes by Gallimard on the language of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; service curated by ATILF, CNRS and the Université de Nancy.
English
Merriam-Webster online
Online version of the 10th printed edition of the renowned dictionary complete with definitions, pronunciation, etymology and use of the lemmas; a thesaurus is also available
Middle English Dictionary
An online dictionary of medieval English (1100-1500), based on the analysis of a collection of over 3 million citations. This dictionary, which contains the complete corresponding printed version, is part of the Middle English Compendium, a digital project curated by the Michigan University Library and the Michigan University Press, which presents a series of tools useful for the study of medieval English (corpora, bibliographies, ms catalogues, etc.).
Portuguese
Lingua Portuguesa Online
A dictionary containing around 100,000 terms, 13,000 verb conjugations, recognition of the inflected forms and an online grammar; curated by Priberam Informatica.
Spanish
Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española
Online integral version of the 22nd edition (2001) of the dictionary of the Real Academia Española (RAE). Thanks to the collaboration of the 21 academies that, with the RAE, form the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, the dictionary constitutes the Pan-Hispanic linguistic standard.
Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico de la Lengua Española
Published by the Real Academia Española and by Editorial Gredos, this important historical-lexicographical tool enables the consultation in facsimile digital reproduction of the contents of 66 Spanish dictionaries that represent the evolution of the Castilian language over the last 5 centuries.
German
Das Deutsche Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm im Internet
Online version 2.0 (2003) of the historical monolingual dictionary of German, founded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 16 printed volumes by the publisher Hirzel of Leipzig between 1854 and 1960.
A digital project carried out by the Universität Trier in collaboration with the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, with the patronage of the German Ministry of Culture.
Das Goethe-Wörterbuch im Internet
Online version of the historical dictionary of the language of Goethe, in the 1978-1999 edition, curated by Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen and Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften.
A digital project carried out by Kompetenzzentrums für elektronische Erschliessungs- und Publikationsverfahren in den Geisteswissenschaften an der Universität Trier in collaboration with Interakademischen Kommission für das Goethe-Wörterbuch.
Wortschatz Lexikon
A current online dictionary of the German language. A project curated by the University of Leipzig.
Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries
bab La
The Dictionary section of the linguistic portal bab La, a project curated by Andreas Schroeter and Patrick Uecker (Hamburg), it makes available multilingual dictionaries that do not provide merely a mechanical translation of the lemmas but that are enhanced by contextualised examples and the recording of the correct pronunciations.
Free Online Dictionary
Reciprocal translation service from English into16 different languages, including some that are not widely used (Swahili, Norwegian, Japanese, Indonesian, Afrikaans).
From language to language
An online multilingual dictionary; it provides a translation service relating to the most widely spoken Western and Slavic languages; translation also for Esperanto and Swahili.
InterActive Terminology for Europe (IATE)
Inter-institutional terminological database of the European Union created in 2004 for the collecting and sharing among European institutions of specialist lexical terms that can be translated into the various EU languages by selecting the field of reference.
Lexicool.com
This web site states that it is a "repertory of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries" and effectively amounts to one of the main services of reconnaissance of tools of this type available online, having registered over 4000 of them. The search interface available on the home page does not translate the terms directly but provides a list of translation tools available online for the analysis of the languages defined in the chosen criteria.
Logos multilingual E-Translation Portal
This web site makes available monolingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, in addition to grammatical descriptions of linguistic systems that differ greatly from each other, both typologically and genetically. The web site, curated by Logos, can be a valid tool for an initial reconnaissance of the morphosyntactic peculiarities of a language.
WordReference
A multilingual translation dictionary (including English, French, Spanish and Italian). The Italian-English dictionary, capable of translating only individual words and very short phrases, includes around 100,000 lemmas with over 250,000 translations and is continually expanding. It comes with an English monolingual dictionary.
Corpora of foreign languages
British National Corpus (BNC)
The BNC, a subset of the Bank of English, is a collection of 100 million words of written and spoken English taken from a wide range of sources representative of current British English.
Lexicons of Early Modern English (LEME)
The Lexicons of Early Modern English is a historical database of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, lexical encyclopaedias, glossaries and linguistic treatises handed down in printed or manuscript form from the Tudor, Stuart, Caroline, Commonwealth and Restoration eras. The project, which is divided into a freely accessible part and a paying part, is curated by the University of Toronto.
Linguistic data consortium corpora catalogue
Catalogue of corpora of hundreds of languages, curated by the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC)
Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialen (TITUS)
A bilingual web site (German-English) that hosts the corpora of around fifty Indo-European languages and related variants. The project is curated by the Department of Comparative Linguistics of the University of Frankfurt. The linguistic databases can be consulted using various search modes:
generic search; search for exact terms (enables the selection of the language and related variants); search "on the databases" (allows for the extending of the search to the graphic and grammatical variants of the term inserted).